![]() The deformation patterns and mechanisms of these fractures have been well studied, yet the controlling factors of their spatial distribution are less discussed, which are important for understanding how the accumulated strain is released via distributed faulting in the earthquake cycle. ![]() In addition to the ∼50 km surface ruptures, the sequence activated a series of structures with lengths ranging from 1 to 10 km, which are well illuminated by phase gradient maps of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferograms. The moment magnitude (Mw) 6.4 and 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence that occurred on July 4 and 6, 2019, ruptured a conjugate fault system within the eastern California shear zone. School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.The normalized strong contact forces are also greater in magnitude in the loosest particle assemblages and greater in number in the densest assemblages.Andong Xu, Yonghong Zhao, Teng Wang*, Chunmei Ren and Han Yue The deformational characteristics of a metastable fabric in the loosest particle assemblages and a stable fabric in the densest particle assemblages are revealed through the accumulation of energy dissipated through friction. ![]() The brittle and ductile responses of granular media undergoing fault rupture are related to changes in the coordination numbers in each particle assemblage. Macro-scale mechanisms of ground deformation and micro-scale mechanisms of shear band formation during dip-slip fault rupture propagation are analyzed through particle rotations, homogenized strains, frictional dissipation, and particle displacements. DEM simulations capture the response of sand in centrifuge experiments of earthquake fault rupture propagation. ![]() Distinct element method (DEM) assemblages of 3D, non-spherical particles are prepared with different void ratio distributions, and their dilatancy is characterized using direct shear test simulations. The granular material’s in-situ void ratio and effective confining stress affect its dilatancy, and hence, its stress-strain response and ductility. Surface manifestations of earthquake fault rupture are strongly affected by the dilatant response of the soil deposit overlying the bedrock fault displacement. ![]()
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